Multilingualism, Lingua Franca and Lingua Sacra

Jens Braarvig; Markham J. Geller

TY  - BOOK
T1  - Multilingualism, Lingua Franca and Lingua Sacra
A1  - Jens Braarvig
A1  - Markham J. Geller
AB  - The present book comprises a number of studies centered around the topic of how knowledge diffuses from one culture to another, and how knowledge diffusion is connected with the spread of languages and the conceptual systems they carry by translation. This diffusion also takes place also over linguistic borders, in the way that a given receiving language may also absorb systems of knowledge from languages that are linguistically quite unrelated but culturally connected with respect to knowledge transfer. Thus we find that Sumerian concepts with considerable impact were moved into the Akkadian language, along with writing-systems, religion, science and literature, even though linguistically the languages are completely unrelated. Another example is how Chinese culture and writing systems spread throughout East Asia into Korea, Japan and Vietnam, though the languages of these countries were linguistically unrelated to Chinese. The same case can be made for Buddhist ways of thinking when it was clothed in the garb of Chinese or Tibetan, or one of the other languages along the Silk Road. This is also true for the spread of Manicheism, as it was portrayed in a great number of languages, related or unrelated. German and Latin are linguistically related, but when Latin learning was communicated in Old High German, many of its terms were created in Middle German to accommodate the Latin conceptual world, and the German language was lastingly enriched with novisms denoting concepts of the Classical traditions of learning, in a process parallel to the spread of Greek Christianity into the East European cultures and languages. The book describes some cases of such knowledge transfer and what kind of mechanisms are involved in the ensuing language changes in the receiving languages and cultures.
PB  - Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften
PY  - 2018
SN  - 978-3-945561-13-3
L1  - https://mprl-series.mpg.de/media/studies/10/Studies10.pdf
LK  - https://mprl-series.mpg.de/studies/10/index.html
C1  - by-nc-sa
DO  - 10.34663/9783945561133-00
LA  - en
ER  -

Studies 10

Multilingualism, Lingua Franca and Lingua Sacra

Jens Braarvig, Markham J. Geller

Studies in multilingualism, lingua franca and lingua sacra

READ ONLINE PDF EPUB

This publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Germany (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 DE) Licence.

Studies in multilingualism, lingua franca and lingua sacra

ONLINE PDF EPUB

This publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Germany (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 DE) Licence.

The present book comprises a number of studies centered around the topic of how knowledge diffuses from one culture to another, and how knowledge diffusion is connected with the spread of languages and the conceptual systems they carry by translation. This diffusion also takes place also over linguistic borders, in the way that a given receiving language may also absorb systems of knowledge from languages that are linguistically quite unrelated but culturally connected with respect to knowledge transfer. Thus we find that Sumerian concepts with considerable impact were moved into the Akkadian language, along with writing-systems, religion, science and literature, even though linguistically the languages are completely unrelated. Another example is how Chinese culture and writing systems spread throughout East Asia into Korea, Japan and Vietnam, though the languages of these countries were linguistically unrelated to Chinese. The same case can be made for Buddhist ways of thinking when it was clothed in the garb of Chinese or Tibetan, or one of the other languages along the Silk Road. This is also true for the spread of Manicheism, as it was portrayed in a great number of languages, related or unrelated. German and Latin are linguistically related, but when Latin learning was communicated in Old High German, many of its terms were created in Middle German to accommodate the Latin conceptual world, and the German language was lastingly enriched with novisms denoting concepts of the Classical traditions of learning, in a process parallel to the spread of Greek Christianity into the East European cultures and languages. The book describes some cases of such knowledge transfer and what kind of mechanisms are involved in the ensuing language changes in the receiving languages and cultures.

List of Contributors

Preface
Markham J. Geller, Jens Braarvig

Introduction
Markham J. Geller, Jens Braarvig

Part I: General Reflections

1 Empires and their Languages: Reflections on the History and the Linguistics of Lingua Franca and Lingua Sacra
Reinier Salverda

2 Dependent Languages
Jens Braarvig

Part II: Europe

3 Lehnübersetzung und Lehnbedeutung vs. Lehnwort: Zu den Entlehnungen aus dem Lateinischen und Französischen in das mittelalterliche Deutsch
Kurt Gärtner

4 Konrad of Megenberg: German Terminologies and Expressions as Created on Latin Models
Kathrin Chlench-Priber

5 What Language Does God Speak?
Florentina Badalanova Geller

6 Islamic Mystical Poetry and Alevi Rhapsodes From the Village of Sevar, Bulgaria
Florentina Badalanova Geller

7 Learning Arabic and Learned Bilingualism in Early Modern England: The Case of John Pell
Daniel Andersson

Part III: Ancient Near East

8 Sumerian in the Middle Assyrian Period
Klaus Wagensonner

9 The Concept of the Semitic Root in Akkadian Lexicography
Markham J. Geller

10 Multilingualism in the Elamite Kingdoms and the Achaemenid Empire
Jan Tavernier

11 Diplomatic Multilingualism in the Middle East, Past and Present: Multilingualism, Linguae Francae and the Global History of Religious and Scientific Concepts
Lutz Edzard

12 Some Observations on Multilingualism in Graeco-Roman Egypt
Alexandra von Lieven

Part IV: India and Central Asia

13 Indo-Iranian Sacred Texts and Sacrificial Practices: Structures of Common Heritage (Speech and Performance in the Veda and Avesta, III)
Velizar Sadovski

14 Aspects of Multilingualism in Turfan as Seen in Manichaean Texts
Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst

Part V: China

15 Multilingualism and Lingua Franca in the Ancient Chinese World
William G. Boltz

16 The Imprint of Buddhist Sanskrit on Chinese and Tibetan: Some Lexical Ontologies and Translation Strategies in the Tang Dynasty
Jens Braarvig

17 Classical Chinese as Lingua Franca in East Asia in the First to Second Millennia CE: Focusing on the Linguistic Situation in Traditional Korea
Vladimir Tikhonov

Part VI: The Americas

18 Multilingualism and Lingua Francae of Indigenous Civilizations of America
Lars Kirkhusmo Pharo

Show All

2

260-day calendar

1 2

A

alphabet

Korean
1 2 3
phonetic
1
syllabic
1 2 3

Altaic languages

1 2

Amarna

1 2

Amenemhet III

1 2

American Bible Society

1

Amharic

1 2 3 4

Ammon

1

Amuzgo

1

Ān Shìgāo (安世高)

1

ana ittišu

1 2 3 4 5

ana pî ṭuppi šaṭāri

1

Anatolia

1 2

Anchoes

1

Anglosaxon

1

anomaly/analogy controversy

1

anthropogony

1

Antipas, Saint

1 2

Apache

1 2

Apocalypse of Enoch, The

1 2

apocryphal literature

1 2

Āprī

1

Aqedah

1 2 3

Aquin, Thomas von

1

Arabic

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Aramaic

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Arawakan

1

archaeological context

1 2 3 4

archaic tablet

1

arhan

1

Aristotle

1 2 3

Armenian

1 2

Arsacid dynasty

1

Arsames correspondence

1

Artaxerxes I

1

artisan

1

Ashurbanipal

1 2

Assyria

1 2 3 4 5 6

Astrolabe B

1 2 3 4 5

astronomical terminology

1 2

astronomical text

1 2 3

Asuka

1

Atharvavedic hymn

1

augmented triad

1

Augustine, Saint

1 2 3

Avataṃsaka

1 2

avatars

1

Averroes

1 2

Avesta

1 2 3 4 5
creation list
1
purification list
1
sacrifice
1

Aymaran

1

Ayuujk

1

Aztec

1 2 3 4 5 6

B

Babylonia

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Bac/alshamên

1

Bactria

1 2 3 4 5 6

Bailang

1 2

barbarian

1 2 3

barriers between languages

1 2

Basse, William

1

Bēl-aha-iddina

1 2

Bettelorden

1

bhagavān

1 2

Bible

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Biblical matriarch

1

bilingualism

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

birth of new languages

1

Bišbaliq

1

Bodhisattva

1 2 3

Bogomilism

1

Book of Jubilees, The

1

Book of Nature, The (Megenberg)

1 2 3 4

Boutros-Ghali, Boutros

1

Brahman

1

Brāhmī

1 2 3 4

Braudel, Fernand

1

Buchreligion

1

Buddha

1 2 3

Buddhism

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Great and Small Vehicles
1
Hybrid Chinese
1
Samgha
1
Sanskrit
1
Sinified
1
missionary
1
sutras
1

building inscriptions

1

Burma

1

Byzantine

1 2 3 4

C

Cain and Abel

1

calendar

1 2 3 4

calque

1 2 3 4 5

Cambodia

1 2

canonical languages

1 2 3

Carib

1

Cartographic manuscript

1

case ending

1

case study

1

Castilian

1 2

Castillo, Bernal Díaz del

1

Catalan

1 2 3

catalog poetry

1

catalogs and lists

1 2 3

Cathars

1

Celtic

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Celts

1

center-periphery

1

Central Asia

1 2 3 4

Changan

1 2

Charlemagne

1

Chaucer, Geoffrey

1

Cherokee syllabic writing

1 2

Chiapas

1

Chimalpahin

1

China

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
foreign writing systems
1 2

Chinantec

1

Chinese

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Chinese empire

1 2

Chinook

1

Chippewa

1

Chocholtec

1 2

Ch’oltian

1 2

Chŏngdosa och’ŭngsŏkt’ap chosŏng hyŏngjigi

1

chos skad

1 2

Chosŏn

1 2 3 4 5 6

Christianity

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Chrétien de Troyes

1

chubu

1

church

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Chữ Nôm

1

Cicero, Marcus Tullius

1 2

Classic Maya

1 2 3 4 5

Classical Arabic

1 2

classification

1 2 3
primitive
1

code switching

1 2 3

Codex Hermopolis

1

Codex Santa María Asunción

1

Codex Sierra Texupan

1

Codex Vindobonensis 3055

1

cognate

1 2

Coixtlahuaca

1

colophon

1 2

Columbus, Christopher

1

Comanche

1

commentary

1 2

concatenation

1

Confucianism

1 2
classics
1
ideals
1
norms
1
teachings
1

contact language

1 2 3

Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)

1

Coptic

1 2 3 4

Cortés, Hernán

1

Cosmas and Damian

1 2 3

Cosmas the Presbyter

1

cosmology

1 2 3

creation myth

1 2 3

Creek

1

Creole

1 2 3

creolization

1 2 3 4

cross-cultural contact

1 2

Crusades

1

cryptography

1

cultural

history
1 2 3 4
interaction
1
language
1 2 3

cuneiform

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Cyrillic alphabet

1

D

dānapati

1

Dante

1

Darius

1 2 3 4 5

Darius III

1

Dead Sea scrolls

1 2

decipherment

1 2

dem (alcoholic beverage)

1

Demotic

1 2 3 4 5 6

Dervish

1

deutsche Sphaera, Die (Sacrobosco)

1 2 3

Dharma-language

1

Dharmarakṣa

1

dialect

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Diferentes Historias Originales (Chimalpahin)

1

diffusion of knowledge

1 2

diglossia

1 2 3 4 5 6
elite
1
intralingual
1

digraphic inscriptions

1

Dioskurides

1

diphrasism (difrasismos)

1 2

diplomacy

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

diplomatic multilingualism

1 2

Discussion Between the Three Saints, The

1

diversity

cultural
1 2
linguistic
1 2 3 4 5

Divina Comedia (Dante)

1

Dominicans

1 2

Dong guan (Han) ji (東觀(漢)記)

1

dragoman

1

Du Fu

1

dub-sar

1

Dunhuang

1 2 3 4

Dutch

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Dutch colonial empire

1 2 3

E

e2-dub-ba-a

1

Egyptian

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Egyptian-Hittite treaty

1

eightfold declension

1

El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno (Guaman Poma de Ayala)

1

Elamite

1 2 3 4 5

Eliade, Mircea

1

Eliot, John

1

Emar

1

Emesal

1

empire

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

encyclopedia

1 2 3

English

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Old
1 2 3

Enheduanna

1

Entlehnung

1 2

Epi-Olmec

1 2 3

Epic of Tukultī-Ninurta I

1

epigraphic evidence

1

Epiphanius

1

Erbwort

1

Erfurt

1 2 3

ergative structure

1

Erpenius, Thomas

1 2

Esarhaddon

1 2 3

ethnobotanical thesaurus

1

ethnohermeneutics

1 2 3

ethnohistory

1

ethnomedicine

1 2

ethnonym

1 2 3 4 5

Etruscan

1 2

etymography

1

Etymologiae (Isidor of Sevilla)

1

etymology

1 2 3 4 5

Eucharist

1 2 3

Euclid

1 2 3

European empires

1

Evangelienbuch (Otfried von Weißenburg)

1 2

evangelization

1 2 3

F

Fabricius da Aquadepente

1

Fǎchéng (法成)

1

Fachausdruck

1

Fachwortschatz

1

false prayer

1

Fan Ye (范曄)

1

Fānfànyǔ (翻梵語)

1

Fànyǔ qiānzìwén (梵語千字文)

1

Farangi

1 2 3

Fayum

1 2

Fǎzàng (法藏)

1

Ferdinandus, Philippus

1

Finnish

1 2

fire

1 2 3 4

Fire list

1 2

Flavius Josephus

1

flood (biblical)

1 2

Fo-tu Deng (佛圖澄)

1 2

Folk Bible

1 2 3

folklore

1 2 3 4 5
poetry
1
scripture
1

foreign talk

1

formal speech

1

Fortification Archive

1

Franciscans

1 2

Franks

1 2

French

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Frisian

1 2

G

Galen

1 2

Gallic

1

games

1

Gāndhārī

1

Gansu

1 2

Gaoseng zhuan (高僧傳)

1 2

gati

1

Geber- und Nehmersprache

1

gematria

1

gender-neutral terms

1

genealogical list

1 2

Genesis

1 2 3 4

Georgy, Saint

1 2

German

1 2 3 4 5 6
Middle High
1 2 3 4 5 6
New High
1 2 3
Old High
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Germanic language

1

Giants

1

Gilgamesh

1 2 3

Glied-für-Glied-Übersetzung

1 2

globalization

1 2

glossaries

1

glosse

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Glossenkeil

1

Glossenüberlieferung

1

glossolalia

1 2 3 4

glottography

1

god list

1 2

’Gos Chos-grub

1

Gothic

1 2 3 4 5

Gottfried von Straßburg

1 2 3

government

1 2 3 4 5

graffiti

1

Gralsthema

1

Gramática de la lengua castellana (Nebrija)

1

grammar

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
list
1 2
localization
1
manual
1
modistic theory
1
universal
1 2

grapevine (biblical)

1

Greek

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Gregory the Great, Saint

1

Griechisch

1

Guaman Poma de Ayala, Felipe

1

Guarani

1

Gulliver’s Travels (Swift)

1

H

Hammurabi

1

Han court

1 2 3

Han dynasty

1 2 3

Han empire

1 2

hangŭl

1 2 3

Hanshu (漢書)

1

Haoma

1 2 3

Haqq

1 2

Hartlib, Samuel

1

Hartmann von Aue

1 2 3

Hattuša

1

Ḫattušili III

1 2 3

healing spell

1

heavenly principles

1

Hebrew

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

hegemony

1 2 3 4 5

Hellene

1

Hellenization

1

hemerology

1

hermeneutics

1

Herodotus

1 2

Hesiod

1 2

Hieratic

1 2

hieroglyph

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

highbrow writing

1 2

Hindu-Buddhism

1

hippology

1

hiragana syllabic script

1

Historia Verdadera de la Conquista de la Nueva España (Castillo)

1

history of ideas

1

Hittite

1 2 3

Hodja

1

Holder of the Brush

1

Homer

1 2 3

homonym

1 2 3 4 5

Hopi

1 2 3

Hou Han shu (後漢書)

1 2

Hupa

1

Huron

1

Hurrian

1

Hva-shang Moheyan

1

Hwaŏm sagyŏng chosŏnggi

1

hyangga

1

hymn

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
cosmogonic
1
cycle
1

Hymns to Šulgi

1

hypertext

1 2
oral
1

I

Iblīs

1

Ibn Khaldun

1

icon

1 2 3 4 5

Idaddu

1

idiom

1 2 3 4 5

idu (the petty-clerks’ writing)

1 2 3 4

Imperial Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco

1

Inanna

1

incantation

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

India

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Indian Sign Language

1

Indianization

1

Indic script

1

Indigenous languages

1 2 3

Indo-European traditions

1 2

Indo-Iranian

1 2 3

Indonesia

1 2 3 4

Indus valley

1

Inka

1 2 3

inscription

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
royal
1 2

interaction

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

interdisciplinary

1

interlingual pun

1

interpretatio graeca

1

interpretation

1 2 3 4 5

Iqīša-Ninkarrak

1

Iranian

1 2

Iranian dialects

1

Isaac

1 2 3

Isabella, Queen

1

Isidor of Sevilla

1

Isidoros

1 2

Isis-Renenutet

1

Islam

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Islamization

1

Italian

1 2 3 4

Iuppiter Optimus Maximus

1

J

Jacobo de Testera

1

Jakobson, Roman

1 2 3

Jamaica

1

Japan

1 2 3 4 5 6

Japanese

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Japanese Archipelago

1 2

jargon

1 2 3

Jaxartes

1

Jean de Main

1

Jerome, Saint

1 2 3 4 5

Jesus

1 2 3 4 5 6

Jiandeng Xinhua

1

Jie (羯)

1

Judean Antiquities (Josephus)

1

Jurchen

1 2

K

Kallimachos

1

Kalmakarra Cave

1

Kamalaśīla

1

Kang-ju (康居)

1 2

Kanjur

1

Karabalgasun

1

Karakhiuseinov, Khasan

1

Kāśyapa-Mātaṅga

1

Kelter

1

Ket

1 2

key word

1

Kharosthī

1 2

khipu

1 2
Andean
1
Canuto
1
Inka
1
Wari
1

Khitans

1 2

Khotanese

1 2

K’iche’

1

Kidin-Sîn

1 2 3

King David

1 2 3

King Solomon

1 2 3

Kiowa-Tanoan language

1 2

Kitovras

1

knowledge

regimes
1 2 3 4
system
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
transfer
1 2 3 4

Koguryŏ

1 2

koinè

1 2 3 4 5

Konrad of Megenberg

1 2 3

Kontaktlinguistik (Goebl)

1 2 3

Korea

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Korean

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Koryŏ

1 2

Kriol

1

Kulturtechnik

1 2

Kumārajīva

1

Kurban

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Kuyunjik

1 2 3 4 5 6

L

La Malinche

1 2

Laestadianism

1

Lamb of God

1

language

colloquial
1 2 3 4 5 6
contact
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
creative
1
cultural
1
dead
1 2
dependent
1 2 3
empires
1
endangered
1
endangerment
1
esoteric
1
extinct
1 2
favored
1
literary
1 2
liturgical
1 2
local
1 2 3 4 5
macaronic
1 2
mixing
1 2 3 4 5
neighboring
1
no man’s
1 2 3
of God
1 2
of animals
1
official
1 2 3 4 5 6
oral
1
rhetorical
1
ritual
1
spoken
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
theory
1 2
trade
1 2 3 4 5 6
vernacular
1 2 3 4

language family

Indo-European
1 2 3 4 5 6
Popoloca
1
Sino-Tibetan
1
Siouan
1 2

Laṅkāvatāra

1 2

Latin

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
Bible
1
Vulgar
1 2 3 4 5 6

Latin America

1 2 3 4 5 6

Laws of Manu

1

Le Jeune, Paul

1

learning

1

legal texts

1 2

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm

1

Lelang

1 2

Levi, David

1 2

lexical texts

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

lexicography

1 2 3 4 5 6
Tibetan bilingual
1

lexicon

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Sanskrit-Chinese
1
Sanskrit-Tibetan
1 2

Lhasa Council

1

Li Hsien (李賢)

1

Liang shu (梁書)

1

library

1 2 3 4 5 6

Libya

1

Life of Adam and Eve, The

1

Linear Elamite

1

lingua

administrativa
1 2 3 4
commercialis
1
legalis
1
mathematica
1
nobilis
1 2 3
nobilitatis
1 2 3
poetica
1 2
romana rustica
1 2

lingua franca

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

lingua sacra

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

linguistic borrowing

1 2

List of the Eleven

1

litany

1 2 3 4 5

literacy

1 2 3 4 5 6
bilingual
1

literatura franca

1

liturgy

1 2 3 4 5 6
intercalated
1

loan

coinage
1 2 3 4 5 6
concept
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
creation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
meaning
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
translation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

loanword

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
assimilated
1

logogram

1 2 3 4 5 6

logosyllabic writing

1 2

Lokakṣema

1

longue durée

1 2 3 4 5 6

love spell

1

loyalty and filial piety

1

Lugal-e

1

Luoyang (洛陽)

1 2

Luristan

1

Lybia

1

M

magic

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Mahā-vyutpatti

1 2 3 4

Mahāmeghasūtra

1

Mahāparinirvāṇasūtra

1

Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra

1

Mahāsannipāta

1

Mahdī

1

Malay

1 2 3 4 5

mana

1 2

Manchu

1 2 3

Manichaeism

1 2 3 4
Mani’s Gospel
1
Mani’s seven books
1
as state religion
1

mantra

1 2 3 4 5 6
Vedic
1
Vedic sacrificial
1
dharanimantras
1

Mantra-Tantra

1

manuscript collections

1 2

manyogana

1

Mapa de Cuauhtincan

1

Mapuche

1 2

Marduk-balāssu-ēreš

1 2

Marduk-nādin-ahhē

1

Mari

1

Master Shi (史君)

1

Maya

1 2 3 4
civilization
1
logosyllabic writing
1
script
1
writing system
1 2

medical reference books

1

Mediterranean

1 2 3 4

Memorial de los Indios de Tepetlaztoc

1

memory

collective
1 2
error
1 2
verbal
1

Mencius (Mengzi; 孟子)

1 2

menology

1 2

merchant

1 2 3 4

Mesopotamia

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Mesopotamian scribes

1

metaphor

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Middle Ages

1 2 3 4 5 6

Middle Assyrian

period
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
scribes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Middle Dutch

1 2

Midrash

1 2 3

military reference books

1

Ming

1 2

mission civilisatrice

1 2 3

missionary linguist

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Mithras

1

Mixe

1 2 3

Mixe-Zoque

1 2 3

Mixtec

1 2 3 4

modus

essendi
1
significandi
1

Mongolian

1 2 3 4 5

Mongols

1 2

monoglot

1

monolingualism

1 2 3

morphology

1 2 3 4

Moschion

1 2

mother tongue

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

mūdû mūdâ lukallim

1

Mughal

1

muhabbet

1

Muhammad Ali

1 2 3 4

Muisca

1

Mūlasarvastivādavinaya

1

multiculturalism

1 2 3

multilingualism

1 2 3 4 5

Muslim

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

mysticism

1 2 3
of sound
1 2

Müller, Friedrich Max

1

Mār Šād-Ohrmezd

1

N

Nabnitu

1 2

Nāgārjuna

1 2

Nahua

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Nahuatl

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
language family
1

Nara

1

Naram-Sîn

1

Native American Indian

1 2

native naming

1

native speaker

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Navajo

1 2

Nebrija, Antonio de

1

Neo-Confucian

1

Neogrammarian Hypothesis

1

neologism

1 2 3 4 5

nepesh

1

Ngiwa

1 2

Nihon shoki (日本書紀)

1

Nin-Isina’s Journey to Nippur

1 2

Nineveh

1 2 3 4 5
Letters
1 2

Ninurta’s Exploits

1

Ninurta’s Return to Nippur

1 2 3 4 5 6

Nippur

1 2 3 4 5 6

Noah

1 2 3

nomina propria

1 2 3

Norman Conquest

1 2

Norman-French elite

1

North-Africa

1

Nubians

1

numbering system

1

O

Oaxaca

1 2

Occaneechi

1 2

Occitan

1 2

Ockham, William

1

Ocuiltec

1

Old Avestan

1 2

Old Babylonian

1

Old Babylonian Grammatical Texts

1 2

Old Church Slavonic

1 2 3

Old Indic liturgies

1

Old Norse

1 2 3 4

onomasticon

1

orality

1 2 3

ordering principle

1 2 3

Oriental gods

1

Oriental studies

1

Orthodox Russian peasants

1

orthography

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Oxus

1 2

P

Paekche

1 2

paired dyad

1

Palander, Hugo

1

Palmyra

1 2 3

Pāṇinean categories

1

Pāṇinean theories

1

paper

1

para-Quranic tradition

1

parabiblical oral corpus

1

paradigm

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Paraguayan Guaraní

1

parchment

1 2

Parthian

1 2 3 4 5

Parzival

1 2

pasigraphy

1 2

Pasor, Matthias

1

Patois

1 2

Pawnee

1

Peace of Westphalia

1

periphery

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Persepolis Bronze Tablet

1

Persia

1 2 3

Persian

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Middle
1 2 3
Old
1 2 3 4

Persian garb

1

Phags-pa Lama

1 2 3

Phags-pa script

1 2

Pharaoh

1 2 3

Phoenician

1 2 3 4

phonetic

variant
1 2 3

phonology

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

phytonym

1 2

pictogram

1

pictorial-logographic

1 2 3

pidgin

1 2 3 4 5
Italian
1

pidginization

1 2 3

pinyin

1

Pīr Sultan

1 2 3 4

Pirahã

1

Pirqe de Rabbi Eliezer

1

Plutarch

1

poet

1 2 3 4 5

Pollock, Sheldon

1 2

polyglot

1 2 3 4 5

Pope Gregory XVI

1

Popoloca

1 2 3

Porramanres

1 2

Portuguese

1 2 3 4

Prague Linguistics Circle

1

Prajāpati

1

Prajñāpāramitā

1

preceptor

1 2

prefix

1 2 3 4 5

priamel

1

printing

1 2 3 4

Procopius of Caesarea

1

Prophet Elijah

1 2

protolanguage

1 2 3

Provençal

1 2 3

Psalter

1

Pseudo-Jubilees

1 2

psychology

1 2 3

Ptolemy

1 2 3 4

Pueblo languages

1 2 3

Puruṣa-Sūkta

1

Puzur-Inšušinak

1

Pyongyang

1 2

Q

Qiānzìwén (千字文)

1

Qing

1 2

Qu You

1

Qubilai Qagan

1 2

Quechua

1 2 3 4 5

Qumran

1 2

Quran

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

R

Ramses II

1 2

Raphelengius, Franciscus

1

Ratnamegha

1 2

Ratnameghasūtra

1

Ratu

1 2

rebus

1 2 3

reference works

1

Renaissance

1 2 3 4 5 6

repetition

1 2 3 4

Rhind papyri

1

Rhyme of the Book of the Dove, The

1 2

ritual

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
poetry
1 2 3

Roman Empire

1 2 3 4

Romanization

1 2

Romans

1 2 3 4 5

roots

1
Coptic
1
Romance
1 2
Semitic
1 2 3 4

royal

inscription
1
scribe
1 2

rune

1 2

Russian

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

S

Sabir

1 2 3

Šābuhragān

1 2

sacred scripture

1 2 3 4

Sacrificial Straw

1 2

Sacrobosco, John of

1 2

Saddharmapuṇḍarīka

1

Sahagun

1

Samarkand

1

Samye debate

1

Sanskrit

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Sanskrit-Tang Thousand Characters, The

1

Śāntarakṣita

1

Sasanian Empire

1 2

Saussure, Ferdinand de

1 2 3 4

Scaliger, Julius Justus

1 2

scholarly texts

1 2 3

scholasticism

1 2 3 4 5

school texts

1

Schuchardt, Hugo

1 2

science

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

scribal

education
1 2 3
error
1 2

scribe

1 2 3 4 5

script

1 2 3

scriptorium

1 2

scriptura

franca
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
sacra
1 2 3

seals

1 2 3

secret lore

1 2

secular

1 2 3 4 5

Security Council Resolution

1 2

semantic transformation

1

semantics

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

semiosis

1

Semitic

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Senalegs

1

Seneca

1

sensum de sensu

1

sentence structure

1

sermon

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Sevar

1 2

sGra sbyor

1 2 3

Shah Aurangzeb

1

Shah Jahan

1

Shengzu

1

Shi Le (石勒)

1 2

Shoshone

1

shrike-tongued people

1

Si yi guan (四譯館)

1

Siberia

1 2

Sichuan

1

siddham

1

sijo poetry

1

Silk Road

1 2 3 4 5

Silla

1 2 3 4 5

Sima Qian

1

Sîn-iddinam

1

Sîn-šuma-iddina

1

singer

1 2

Sinicization

1

Sioux

1 2 3

šir3-nam-šub

1

Siruktuh

1

Sisinius, Saint

1

slang

1 2

Slavonic vernacular

1 2

socio-historical linguistics

1

sociolinguistics

1 2 3

Sogdian

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
script
1

Sogdian garb

1

Sogdiana

1 2 3

Sokonopis

1

Soma ritual

1 2 3 4

Songtsen Gampo

1

South East Asia

1 2 3 4 5

Spain

1 2 3

Spanish

1 2 3 4 5

speech act theory

1 2

Sphera mundi (Sacrobosco)

1 2 3

Śrāvaka

1

standardization

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Strabo

1

structural leveling

1

structural-functional approach

1

Sumerian

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Sumero-Akkadian bilingual texts

1

Summa theologica

1 2

sunkir šerašta

1

Suolahti

1 2

supralanguage

1

Susa

1 2 3

sūtra

1

Sūtra in Forty Two Sections, The

1

Šutruk-Nahhunte II

1

Swahili

1 2 3

Sweden

1 2 3

syllabary

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

synonym list

1

syntax

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Syriac

1 2 3

T

Tahori

1

Tajik

1

Tale about the šumunda-Grass

1 2

*tallir

1

Talmud

1
Babylonian
1

Tamazulapan-Teotongo

1

Tamil

1

Tang dynasty

1 2

Tangut (西夏)

1 2

Taoism

1 2

Targum Neofiti

1

Targum Pseudo-Jonathan

1

tathāgata

1 2

Tatian

1 2 3

taxonomy

1 2 3

teaching

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

technical literature

1 2

technology

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

tecpillahtolli, the Aztec aristocratic language

1

temple of Isis

1

Tenepal

1

Tenjur

1

Tenochtitlan

1 2

Teotihuacan

1 2

Testament

New
1 2 3 4 5 6
Old
1 2 3 4

Tetzcoco

1

Tewa

1 2

texts

astronomical
1 2
documentary
1 2 3 4

Thai

1 2 3

Thailand

1

Thomas of Cantimpré

1

Thomas of Erfurt

1

Thonmi Sambhoṭa

1 2

Thousand Characters from the Sanskrit Language, A (梵語千字文)

1

Thride Songtsen

1 2

Thrisong Detsen

1 2

Tibetan

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
writing system
1

Tibeto-Burman language

1

Tiglath-pileser I

1 2 3

Tlatelolco

1 2

Tocharian

1 2 3 4

Tocuij Ñudzavui region

1 2

Tok Pisin

1

Tornedalian

1 2 3

Totonac

1 2

Tower of Babel

1

trader

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

tradition

local
1 2 3
stream of
1 2 3

translation

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
bureau
1
free
1
interlinear
1 2
standard
1

transliteration

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

transmission

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Treasury texts

1 2

treaty

1 2 3 4 5

tri-radical root

1 2

trilingual translator

1

Trogus

1

Tukano

1

Tukulti-Ninurta Epic

1

tumme

1

Tungusic

1

Tupí

1 2 3 4 5

ṭupšarru

1

Turfan

1 2 3

Turkic

1 2 3

Turkish

1 2 3 4 5
Old
1 2 3 4

typology

1 2

Tzeltal

1 2 3

Tzotzil

1

U

Ugarit

1 2

Uighur

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Empire
1 2
Qocho kingdom
1

United Nations

1 2 3

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

1

Untaš-Napiriša

1

Ur-III Empire

1 2

Urnammu

1

Uruk

1 2 3 4 5

Uto-Aztec stock

1

V

Van den Driesch, Johannes

1

Vasubandhu

1

Veda

1 2 3 4 5
creation list
1
purification list
1

verbal amulet

1

verbo ad verbum

1

verbum e verbo

1

Vidēvdād

1

Vietnam

1 2 3
War
1

Vietnamese

1 2

Virgin Mary

1 2 3 4

Virgin Theotokos

1

Vīsprad

1 2 3

Vīštāsp Yašt

1

vocabulary

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Chinese
1
Greek
1
Semitic
1
Tibetan
1
list
1 2

voice

1 2 3 4 5
of God
1 2

vulgarization

1 2

vyākaraṇa

1 2

W

waka

1

wampum

1 2 3 4

Wappo

1

Warring States period

1

Wei Man

1

Weinreich, Uriel

1 2

Wencheng

1

West-Semitic

1 2

Wissensgeschichte

1 2 3 4

Wolfram von Eschenbach

1 2

wooden tablet

1 2

word

formation
1 2
list
1 2 3 4 5

word-play

1

worship

1 2 3 4 5 6

writing culture

1 2 3 4

writing system

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
hybrid
1

written language

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Wu Di (漢武帝; Han dynasty emperor)

1 2

Wǔ Zétiān (武則天)

1

X

Xerxes

1

Xinjiang

1 2

Xiongnu (匈奴)

1 2 3 4

Xuánzàng (玄奘)

1

Y

Yasna

1 2 3 4

Yeniseian

1 2

Yìjìng (義淨)

1

Yu zhi Qing wen jian (御製清文鑑)

1

Yu zhi Wu ti Qing wen jian (御製五體清文鑑)

1

Yuan

1 2

Yucatán

1

Yucatec

1 2 3 4

Yuezhi (大月氏)

1 2

Yunus

1

Z

Zapotec

1 2

Zarathustra

1 2

Zem-zem

1

Zeus

1

Zeus Hypsistos

1

Zhang Qian (張騫)

1 2

Zhìguǎng (智廣)

1

Zhōu Xìngsì (周興嗣)

1

Information

ISBN

978-3-945561-13-3

DOI

10.34663/9783945561133-00

Pages

535

Publication Date

May 18, 2018

Print on Demand

currently unavailable

Suggested Citation

Braarvig, Jens and Geller, Markham J. (eds.) (2018). Multilingualism, Lingua Franca and Lingua Sacra. Berlin: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften.

Submitted by

Glenn Most and Hindi Najman

Multilingualism, Lingua Franca and Lingua Sacra

2

260-day calendar

A

Abdelmeguid, Ahmed Esmat

Abraham (Avram)

Abrahamic faith

Abraham’s sacrifice

abugida-type orthography

Achaemenid Empire

Acropole Texts

Adam and Eve

administration

Aelian

Aetiological legend

African languages

Āfrīnagān

Āgamas

Agni

Aguilar, Gerónimo de

Ahura Mazdā

Akkad

Akkadian

Al-Bīrūnī

Al-Rabghūzī, Nosiruddin Burhonuddin

Al-Ṭabarī, Jarīr

Al-Tha̔labī, Ibrāhīm

Alemannen

Alevi (Aliani)

Alexander the Great (Iskandar)

Alexander’s linguistic heritage

Algiers

Algonquin

alphabet

Altaic languages

Amarna

Amenemhet III

American Bible Society

Amharic

Ammon

Amuzgo

Ān Shìgāo (安世高)

ana ittišu

ana pî ṭuppi šaṭāri

Anatolia

Anchoes

Anglosaxon

anomaly/analogy controversy

anthropogony

Antipas, Saint

Apache

Apocalypse of Enoch, The

apocryphal literature

Āprī

Aqedah

Aquin, Thomas von

Arabic

Aramaic

Arawakan

archaeological context

archaic tablet

archive

arhan

Aristotle

Armenian

Arsacid dynasty

Arsames correspondence

Artaxerxes I

artisan

Ashurbanipal

Assyria

Astrolabe B

astronomical terminology

astronomical text

Asuka

Atharvavedic hymn

augmented triad

Augustine, Saint

Avataṃsaka

avatars